Managing Water and Wastewater Services in Finland, 1860–2020 and Beyond

Water and wastewater services are invaluable for communities. The aim of this article is to understand explain the overall long-term development water in Finland wider PESTEL framework with policy implications future. original megastudy was based on an extensive literature review. first covers birth urban rural systems Finland. This followed by analysing selected decisions impacts, institutional issues, discussion lessons learnt, conclusions. has largely been trust. In socio-institutional factors, diversity fundamental. Gradual expansion supply brought technical, economic social benefits a country quite dispersed population. Efficient pollution control communities implemented within two decades through developing technology applying proper legislation control. Continuous dynamic key principle. Nature-based solutions include raw source selection, treatment processes such as managed aquifer recharge, sites final effluents disposal, related land use planning. Aging infrastructure most pressing future challenge worldwide will need new requirements innovations.